Spalling is the flaking, chipping, or breaking away of concrete from the surface, usually exposing the steel reinforcement underneath. Concrete cancer is what happens next: moisture reaches that exposed steel, the steel rusts, and rust takes up more space than steel, so the expansion pushes the surrounding concrete off from the inside. The two terms are often used to describe the same underlying problem, and the process behind both is chemical, not just wear and tear.
Concrete is naturally alkaline, and that alkalinity protects the steel inside it from corroding. Over time, carbon dioxide in the air reacts with the concrete surface in a process called carbonation, gradually reducing that alkalinity. Once carbonation reaches the depth of the steel, the protection is gone, and any moisture that reaches the bar can start the rusting process. This is why older concrete, and concrete built with shallow cover over the reinforcement, is more exposed than newer or better-covered work.
The warning signs are rust staining bleeding through the surface, bubbling or flaking render, hollow-sounding patches when tapped, cracks running in straight lines that follow the reinforcement pattern, concrete falling away from a soffit or balcony edge, and a reddish-brown discolouration spreading outward from a crack or joint.
In Melbourne, we see it most on apartment balconies, car park soffits, coastal and bayside properties, and older concrete built with shallow cover. Balconies and soffits are exposed to weather from more than one side and often carry less cover than a ground slab. Bayside suburbs add airborne salt, which accelerates corrosion once moisture reaches the steel. Older apartment blocks built before current cover and durability requirements are especially common candidates, which is why body corporates managing pre-1990s buildings often find spalling repair a recurring maintenance item.
Once moisture reaches the steel, the corrosion does not stop on its own. Rust occupies several times the volume of the steel it replaces, so the expansion keeps growing the crack and loosening more concrete around it. On balconies and car park soffits, that concrete is directly over a walkway or parking space, which is why we treat it as urgent rather than cosmetic.
The repair removes the affected concrete back to sound material well beyond the visible damage, since carbonation can extend deeper than it appears at the surface. The exposed steel is cleaned and treated to prevent further corrosion; the area is reinstated with a repair mortar suitable for structural or cosmetic use, and a protective coating is applied to help prevent the same section from failing again. Getting this sequence right on every affected area, rather than patching over the visible hole, is the difference between a repair that lasts and one that fails again within a year or two.






